Studies examining the association between coffee consumption and risk of myocardial infarction (MI) have been inconclusive. Coffee is a major source of caffeine, which is the most widely consumed stimulant in the world and has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack, according to background information in the article. However, coffee contains a number of other chemicals that have variable effects on the cardiovascular system.
It is not clear whether caffeine alone affects the risk of heart attack or whether other chemicals found in coffee may be responsible. Caffeine is metabolized primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) in the liver. Variations of the gene for this enzyme can slow or quicken caffeine metabolism. Carriers of the gene variant CYP1A2*1F allele are “slow” caffeine metabolizers, while individuals with the gene variant CYP1A2*1A allele are “rapid” caffeine metabolizers.
Marilyn C. Cornelis, B.Sc., of the University of Toronto, and colleagues conducted a study to determine whether gene variations of CYP1A2 modify the association between consumption of caffeinated coffee and risk of nonfatal heart attack. The study comprised 2,014 case patients with a first acute nonfatal heart attack and 2,014 controls – all living in Costa Rica between 1994 and 2004. The genotypes of the participants were determined. Researchers used a food-frequency questionnaire to assess the intake of caffeinated coffee.
Fifty-five percent of case patients and 54 percent of controls were carriers of the slow *1F allele. For carriers of the slow 1F allele, those who drank two to three cups of coffee a day had a 36 percent increased risk of heart attack; those who drank four or more cups per day had a 64 percent increased risk of heart attack. Corresponding consumption for individuals with the rapid *1A/*1A genotype resulted in the reduced odds of heart attack by 22 percent and 1 percent respectively.
Younger study participants showed an even higher risk. Among the slow metabolizers, the risk associated with drinking four cups or more per day compared with less than one cup per day increased from two-fold for individuals younger than 59 years to more than four-fold for those younger than 50 years.
“In summary, consistent with most case-control studies, we found that increased coffee intake is associated with an increased risk of nonfatal MI. The association between coffee and MI was found only among individuals with the slow CYP1A2*1F allele, which impairs caffeine metabolism, suggesting that caffeine plays a role in the association,” the authors concluded.
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